Everything You Need To Know About Footnotes

Everything You Need To Know About Footnotes While the rules regarding footnotes vary according to the citation style used, there are two distinct purposes for footnotes:To provide necessary information to text in the form of a citation.To provide supplementary information to text, such as clarifying an idea or expounding on it for further inquiry.Regardless of their purpose, a footnote is usually added to text as a superscript, starting at 1, and with a corresponding number at the bottom of the page (known as the footer) where the citation or additional information is included.See the example below, which shows the superscripted footnote numbers, along with the footnotes and the way they are formatted on the paper. Keep in mind that the gray line is the bottom of the paper, so your footnotes will be printed that close to the end of the page.An example of superscripted footnote numbers.Why are footnotes used?Footnotes are the least intrusive way for an author to provide citations or supplemental information about a topic. In so me cases, such as when using Chicago Style, footnotes are often used instead of in-text citations with a bibliography at the end of the paper. Footnotes allow an author to guide his or her reader to additional information or further study, without disrupting the flow of the sentence.Another great use of footnotes is to define or explain a word or idea that might require further explanation to a general audience. A definition or explanation can be provided within the footnote without any visual or logical disruption in the text.Style guides and footnotesThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) requires the use of footnotes instead of in-text citations. Other styles, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) also allow the use of footnotes. However, while CMS requires footnotes for citations and supplemental information, APA and MLA suggest footnote use for supplemental information only.Modern Language Associations (MLA) rules regarding fo otnote useBelow are the rules regarding footnote use in MLA style, taken from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes.MLA Style does, however, allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for bibliographic notes, which refer to other publications your readers may consult.Following are some examples:See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend.On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens 120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91.Several other studies point to this same conclusion. See Johnson and Hull 45-79, Kather 23-31, Krieg 50-57.Or, you can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refers to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text:In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a politician! (Weller 124).MLA style has a few additional rules concerning footnote use:For footnotes placed in dependent clauses, such as this one,1 add the number after the comma.Footnotes should follow the period at the end of a sentence.2The only exception to a footnote following the punctuation would be this one3â€"the dash. When a dash is used as punctuation following a word, the footnote connected to that word should come before it.American Psychological Associations (APA) rules regarding footnote useAPA style discourages the use of footnotes and endnotes, according to the Purdue Online Writing Lab, as detailed below.APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright. When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark.Footnote numb ers should not follow dashes ( â€" ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.Scientists examinedâ€"over several years1â€"the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.2(These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.3).Also keep in mind, when using the footnote function in a word-processing program like Microsoft Word, place all footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they appear. Footnotes may also appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word Footnotes at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout:1 While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this particular species.Chicago Manual of Style rules regarding footnote useThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) uses footnotes as the primary way to cite sources. While in-text citations can be used, footnotes are most typical for this style. As with MLA, the footnotes should follow the punctuation unless the punctuation is a dash. There are more specific rules regarding footnote placement and numbering for this style that can be found the Purdue Online Writing Lab.Footnote examples for all style guidesScientists have discovered varied lifeforms in this habitat.6Im allergic to shellfish,7 so lets not order the shrimp.For years, scholars have studied the book carefully8â€"a fact that suggests there has been much effort put into understanding it.

The Politics Of The United States - 868 Words

No doubt today in the world the US government is seen as the one to beat in terms of an organized government system. Even other members of the G8 look up to the USA highly for political advice. Different policies, rules and regulations have been put in place since its inception and no matter where you find yourself in the chain of power you dare not disobey them. The history of the current government philosophy would shock many, as two political colleagues who propounded several theories still followed word for word till date, were torn apart by their different political structural views. Popularly known as the rivalry that forged a nation, the battle between Jefferson and Hamilton. When George Washington gave his farewell address (1796) he warned that the creation of political factions, â€Å"sharpened by the spirit of revenge,† would most certainly lead to â€Å"formal and permanent despotism’’. So it came as a surprise when his two wingmen Thomas Jefferson a nd Alexander Hamilton were the ones who proved his warnings to be true. The two political diplomats set up a dual political party system still used in today’s democracy. Most historians claim though George Washington had warned of this, it was inevitable. Some may refer to it as a form of the Hegelian dialect. During the fight for independence both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson both played vital roles in realizing America’s liberal dreams. The two would later cross paths when they were employed as part of theShow MoreRelatedThe Politics Of The United States Politics1877 Words   |  8 Pagesso caught up in the lies that it is virtually impossible to escape. Truth is highly valued in society; so, what are the reactions when the leaders of society lie to their constituents? This is an issue that has recently manifested in the United States’ politics. With the election of President Donald Trump, the media have become increasingly interested in how truthful the members of the political system are. Many have started demanding transparency from those in positions of power. In contrast, someRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1238 Words   |  5 PagesOur politicians are being bribed to influence what laws are being made in this country at a federal level. Due to the current situation in American politics corruption has become an accepted form of conducting business in the political world. â€Å"Since the implication of citizen’s united in 2010 we have seen a dramatic turn in the direction of politics† (Silver). This is because now, any donor is allowed to contribute undisclosed amounts to any political campaign. The argument against this is that theRead MorePolitics And The United States Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesPolitics has always been a contentious and controversial issue in the United States; immigrants are constantly discriminated from exercising their civic duty such as the right to vote and to be voted for. Politics in American is divided based on ideological difference and approach on key issues, which has led to the two major political parties the Republican Party (conservative) often referred as the GOP and the Democratic Party (liberal). Both parties hasn’t yet come forward to fully discuss thisRead More The Politics Of The United States1251 Words   |  6 PagesPartisanship has always existed in the United States. Though, there have been periods of decline and resurgence. But since the 1970s America has seen an increase in â€Å"party unity† votes in Congress. From 2009 to 2012 party unity votes was around 70%, a clear indication of polarization in Washington. The ideological differences that exist within Congress is also indicative of the attitude of the general public. A majority of people are willing to call themselves Democrats or Republicans. â€Å"Party identificationRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1434 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, elections can be the deciding factor in ones political career. In recent times, congressional elections have not only become increasingly important, but also more expensive. The expense is often considered a result of modern times, however it results in many people being unable to run for a political position. Thi s begs the question of who might be running for a political position if the price wasn t so high, would it be a more common person who relates more to the people.Read MoreThe Politics Of The United States Essay1964 Words   |  8 PagesOver the last sixty years or so, the true principles of a democratic government within the United States have been stripped away piece by piece, resulting in the government we now have within America today. It is a government that at the surface prides itself on its so-called freedom and equality, when in reality what we now have is a failed liberal democratic government at the helm of the nation. This can be attributed to a number of reasons, some of them being: the usage of an inept electoral systemRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States894 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States is very political, but not politically united as a whole community. The current political system is in a shambles, to the point that it is a national joke. Although, it may be a joke to numerous citizens, it is embarrassing and highly frustrating to others. This political situation is not only happening on the federal level, it is also occurring on the local level in some states. Currently, there are disjointed political parties, politicians that have their own agendas thatRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 PagesOn January 27th 2017, exactly one week after being inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States; Donald Trump signed an executive order immediately suspending America’s refugee program, and barring entry from any people from the following seven countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. This decision was immediately met with global outrage, with many people and politicians alike lambasting President Trump, labeling his order as ‘discriminatory’ and ‘un-American’. ThoughRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States935 Words   |  4 PagesThe Amer ican government was unique at the time of its founding because it brought back the idea of democracy, which had been a form of government almost non-existent since the Roman Empire. The idea of democracy is simple: citizens participate in politics through voting. This didn’t apply to all citizens; only white male landowners were allowed to vote until the Jacksonian era, when it was expanded to almost all white males. It wasn’t until 1920 that both men and women, black and white could voteRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1315 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished a background into the British system of government we can now turn our attention to the United States of America. Located several thousand miles across the Atlantic, this global superpower has much in common with the United Kingdom, principally the values and institutions that render its political system democratic. That being said, the infrastructure of the system in place in the United States is vastly d ifferent from that of the UK. Trias Politica As a relatively new country less than a

Their Eyes Were Watching God - Adjust, Adapt, Overcome a...

I have said that the soul is not more than the body, And I have said that the body is not more than the soul, And nothing, not God, is greater to one than ones self is, And whoever walks a furlong without sympathy walks to his own funeral drest in his shroud... br-Walt Whitman, Song of Myself br brZora Neale Hurston, in dealing with the female search for self-awareness in Their Eyes Were Watching God, has created a heroine in Janie Crawford. In fact, the female perspective is introduced immediately: Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly (1). On the very first page of Their Eyes Were†¦show more content†¦He pick it up because he have to, but he dont tote it. He hand it to his womenfolks. De nigger woman is de mule uh de world so fur as Ah can see, opines Janies grandmother in an attempt to justify the marriage that she has arranged for her granddaughter (14). This excerpt establishes the existence of the inferior status of women in this society, a status that Janie must somehow overcome in order to become a heroine. This societal constraint does not deter Janie from attaining her dream. br brThe man her grandmother had arranged for Janie to marry is Logan Killicks, a respectable black man with financial security and a plot of land, who fit Janies grandmothers view of the perfect marriage. However, after the first few months of her marriage to Killicks: Â… she [realized] now that marriage did not make love. Janies first dream was dead, so she became a woman (24). Logan had br brIt is now apparent that Janie is not afraid to defy the expectations that her grandmother has for her life, because she realizes that her grandmothers antiquated views of women as weaklings in need of male protection even at the expense of a loving relationship, constitute limitations to her personal potential: She hated her grandmother . . . Nanny had taken the biggest thing God ever made, the horizon (85-86). Despite her pre-arranged marriage, Janie is not afraid to follow her instincts, even when this means leaving her

Utilizing Leadership and Communication in Management Free Essays

Communication and effective leadership are widely considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20th century in their respective workplace. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator. In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios whether it is organisational, recreational or even military based. We will write a custom essay sample on Utilizing Leadership and Communication in Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now If not utilised properly, the situation of a manager who is lacking key communication qualities can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation. It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the methods of upright leadership and effective communication in their internal and external management. The process of communication is defined as â€Å"an interpersonal process of sending and receiving symbols with messages attached to them† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 457). This in a practical sense is the ability to convey a person’s verbal or non-verbal messages to achieve an understanding of what they require (Brown Cliquet 2008). This can be in the form of verbal conversation stating tasks that a person is required to do or in the non-verbal form which is usually in the system of body language to emphasise certain verbal directions. In terms of a business organisation, the manager must be effective in their communication otherwise their directions will be lost to either the employee, stakeholders or even the customers (Schermerhorn, 2011). This would lead to the fact that manager’s passing of information is only successful when they are actively telling the employee in regards to a task that they have to undertake. This can be in the form of active listening sessions or improving the means of communication. This can be through improving communication techniques in technology or closing barriers which are hindering effective communication (Schermerhorn 2011 p. 460 – 467). This theory must be applied to many businesses and organisations around the world because without the necessary effective communication, information cannot be passed on therefore leading to a stagnation of possibly crucial material (Bratton et. l, 2007). Senior Professor at the University of Auckland Peter Boxall suggests that in regards to communication with human resources across transnational corporations that: â€Å"[Communication] is the attempt to build ‘constructive’ relationships with trade unions†¦broad ranging discussion are held with extensive information provided to the unions on a whole range of discussions. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee comm itment to the firm† (Boxall, 1995 p. 6-57). This quote suggests that to maintain a successful relationship between transnational trade unions, you must have apt communication from the executives to the workers otherwise the flow of material will become stagnant and the information will not be passed (Boxall, 1995). An example poor communication can be attributed to Michelle Smeby’s case study of a fortune 100 company named Holistic Change Ltd. They had neglected to tell the stakeholders of potential changes in the information technology section of the workplace which would vastly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the workplace (Schermerhorn 2011), (Smeby 2011). Holistic Change Ltd. could have handled the situation better if they had planned the change; including informing the stakeholders so they could make a formative assessment on whether it would be beneficial to the company (Smeby 2011). It proved to be a hindrance to the company which led to a reduction to their share price. This was due to the shareholders not possessing a full access of all the information that the company was retaining leading to an uncertainty of future projections and profits (Smeby 2011). Many businesses fail to implement effective communication techniques due to the fact that the training initiatives and education could become very expensive and is usually regarded an unimportant part of the daily management of a company (Bratton, 2007). This does not just apply from the managers to the employees of an organisation, but it also applies with the organisations communication skills with the customer (Peterson, 2006 p. 36). It is stating that it is necessary in an organisation without proper communication with the customers, it will unable to either sell its goods or services. The ‘Business Source Complete’ journal article reflections are identical to the statements regarding the importance of effective communication with customer by suggesting that in the approach of seeking ew customers, the organisation has to undertake four key tactics. These include media relations, speaking opportunities, media partnerships and special events (Weber Chadwick, 2004). Because the organisation is actively seeking out ways to express their company through methods of communication, it will most likely succeed in the objective of gaining new customers to improve revenue (Business Source Complete, 2004). This therefore gives credence to the fact that effective communication is necessary in the success of an organisation. In response to effective communication with to employees, it is crucial to apply with the effective and efficient communication skills which are stated by Schermerhorn as â€Å"the intended meaning of the source and the perceived meaning of the receiver are identical [which] occurs at minimum cost† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 458). This therefore leads on to suggest that effective communication is derived from profound leadership due to the fact that if someone in a position of power can effectively delegate tasks they must be able to motivate, leading and be able to reduce the barriers of effective communication. Leadership is defined by Schermerhorn (2011) as the process of arousing enthusiasm and directing efforts towards organisational goals. Therefore, without proper communication skills, a manager will not be able to convey their instructions and therefore, makes the development of a leader stagnant. Claire Oldfield states her journal article that â€Å"[Leadership] unites people, develops opportunities and, crucially in these difficult times, ensures survival† (Oldfield C 2008, p. 69). This suggests that it is not only a way of future monetary successes, but a way to ensure that the organisation will survive during turbulent financial times (Oldfield 2008). Chadwick (2006) in ‘Leadership in Business Development’ states that â€Å"Successful business development leaders have a passion for their mission, and it generally shows in almost everything they do. By their positive attitude, intellectual quickness and exemplary work ethic, they inspire and lead the folks around them† (Chadwick 2006, p. 1) This shows that a leader must show some inspiration to the team in order for them to perform the tasks well. If the leader is able to communicate their vision in such a way that the employee’s will commit their resources into achieving an idealic solution for the manager, this will result in effective and efficient leadership (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 340). It also suggests that a leader must have the mental capacity to be able to inspire through motivation due to the fact that they are striving for the same result as the employee. Gage (2008) states in his journal article that the necessary leadership is one which strives on the use of reward and legitimate power (Gage 2008, p. ) (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341). Schermerhorn (2011) defines reward power as â€Å"the capacity to offer something of value as a way of influencing them†. This is a practical sense is the ability to make an employee work to the managers standards by the use of offering an incentive (Schermerhorn 2011). This can be in the form of offering them an award or a salary bonus. Schermerhorn (2011) defines the use o f legitimate power as the â€Å"capacity to influence other people by virtue of formal authority, or rights of office† (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341). If the manager was able to exert his power by utilising these methods, there is no doubt that the workers of the organisation will work more effectively and efficiently because of the incentive which is offered for their services. There is evidence to suggest that leadership is helpful in any management scenario, but Peter Boxall states that â€Å"It takes strong executive leadership to bring about positive patterns of employment relations. In the end, it is the senior leadership of companies that should be responsible for the quality of employment relations† (Boxall 1995 p. 303). This quote by management professor Peter Boxall gives credence to the fact that it is necessary that without proper leadership, there will be no guidance for the rest of the team concluding to an inability to perform the tasks which are needed (Boxall 1995, p. 303). This will only hinder the process of management and can possibly lead to the termination of the organisation (Schermerhorn, 2011). In conclusion, communication and effective leadership considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20thcentury. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator. In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios, but if not utilised properly can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation. A manager needs to also be a motivator through their leadership and communication skills because this is proven to the most effective way of getting the most efficient results from the employees. It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the ideas of leadership and communication in their internal and external management effectively. Reference List Boxall, P 1997, ‘The Challenge of Human Resource Management’, Longman Paul Ltd. , Auckland, NZ Bratton, J Gold, J 2007, ‘Human Resource Management Theory and Practice’, Palgrave Macmillanm New York, NY Brown, R Cliquet F 2008, ‘Communication of Business Process Models’, BP Trends, Vol. 10, No. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Chadwick, S 2006, ‘Leadership in Business Development’, Printing Impressions, Vol. 49, No. 5, p. 114-115, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Oldfield, C 2008, ‘Leadership’, Director. co. uk, Vol. 62, No. 4, p. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Peterson, K 2004, ‘Effective Communication promotes Business’, Kitchen and Bath Design News, Vol. 16, No. 12, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete Ritchie, M 2008, ‘Leadership for Business’, Manitoba Business, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 5, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Sourc e Complete Schermerhorn et. al 2011, ‘Management’, John Wiley Sons, Milton, QLD Weber Chadwick Hong Kong 2004, ‘Product Promotion – Marketing Communications: Business’, Media, Vol. 62, No. 21, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete How to cite Utilizing Leadership and Communication in Management, Papers

The Songs Message of Influence free essay sample

In society today, â€Å"influence† is a major factor whether it’s what’s in style, religion, politics, beliefs or any other thing that two people might disagree on. When one person believes one thing and the next believes opposite, almost instinctively that person will attempt to influence the other that his belief on the situation is right. I call this instinct because in most cases when someone is told something that may seem different to them, or is a different way of doing something than what they know of, they instantly react, whether they retort to what that person is saying or whether they are polite and keep it to themselves, one way or another if someone tells a man something different than what he believe, he is going to have an immediate or â€Å"instinctual† reaction. For example In the song â€Å"Flowers are Red† by Harry Chapin, a little boy came into class and the first thing he did was start to draw flowers, when the teacher sees what the little boy is doing she has the immediate instinct to correct what the boy is doing, trying to convert what his idea of a flower is to hers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Songs Message of Influence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout the song the teacher repeated the line, â€Å"Flowers are red young man, / Green leaves are green, / There’s no need to see flowers any other way, / Than the way they always have been seen. This line shows that the teacher is very set in her ways, and that she does not like people being creative, things must be portrayed the way they are in reality, â€Å"The way they always have been seen. † Though after every time the teacher repeated that line, the boy would retort with, â€Å"There are so many colors in the rainbow, / So many colors in the morning sun, / So many colors in the flower and I see every one. † The boy refuses to believe that flowers must be red and green. The boy sees flowers as bright and colourful and that’s the way he should draw them. After the back and forth argument the teacher gets fed up and decides punishment will help this boy understand that flowers must be red and green. The line â€Å"The teacher put him in a corner, / She said.. It’s for your own good.. / And you won’t come out til you get it right, / And all responding like you should. † (Chapin : 35-37) This shows that the teacher is determined to influence this little boy to draw flowers as she thinks they are supposed to be drawn and that she will go to great lengths just to make this boy draw flowers red and green. The line, Well finally he got lonely, / Frightened thoughts filled his head, / And he went up to the teacher, / And this is what he said.. and he said, / Flowers are red, green leaves are green,/ There’s no need to see flowers any other way, / Than the way they always have been seen. † Shows that the teacher’s forceful influence finally persuaded him that flowers are red and green. The boy was scared into believing that flowers are red and green, he probably still doesn’t agree with the teacher, but he is sure scared of her for putting him in the corner. The teacher didn’t really explain to him why, flowers are only red and green. There for the little boy had no valid reason to believe her. Chapin’s song sends out a strong message about influence. That being, that if someone doesn’t believe the same thing as you, they will try their hardest to persuade you to believe that their opinion is valid and that you are wrong, no matter what. Some people may have grown up believing one thing, they may not fully know why they believe it, just that they always have and that they are comfortable with their belief. So when another person speaks their opinion that contradicts others, they become confused as to why that person doesn’t believe the same as him, there for they become defensive and retort to the others that they are right. Influence can be a powerful and confusing thing in society today, especially with today’s youth, people need to remember that if they are going to act upon defending their beliefs they need to back it up with facts and examples of why they are right, not just scaring people into believing what they think.

010 Transitions and MLA Professor Ramos Blog

010 Transitions and MLA The Other Side is not Dumb Quick Write What was your favorite reading so far? What was your least favorite? What do you think has been the best class lesson so far? Why? The Other Side is not Dumb In groups, come up with two to three takeaways/lessons from the article that we can use in our own writing. Chapter 8  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As a Result†: Connecting the Parts Chapter 8 covers what to do when connecting the parts of your essay together. They explain that creating connections between sentences and ideas increases sentence variety and helps construct a more convincing argument. Consider transitions both  within  a paragraph and  between  paragraphs. Look at  pages 108-109  for transition words. They give four principles: Using transition terms (like â€Å"therefore† and â€Å"as a result†) Adding pointing words (like â€Å"this† and â€Å"such†) Developing a set of key terms and phrases for each text you write Repeating yourself, but with a difference Let’s come up with a list of transition words to use in our essays. What words do you use to transition? MLA Sample page Dean, Cornelia. Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet.  The New York Times, 22 May 2007, nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016. Ebert, Roger. Review of  An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim.  rogerebert.com, 1 June 2006, rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2016. Gowdy, John. Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability.  International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology,  vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36. ETC. Effective Images Mass Incarceration in the USA Grading Criteria Report Use of Sources and Research Organization MLA and Sources Title and Images Word Count, Word Choice, Grammar

Talking about Vacations In English Activity

Talking about Vacations In English Activity Talking about vacations in English is of the most common topics in a classroom, and why not? Who doesnt like to take vacations? Discussing vacations provides students with the opportunity to use travel-related vocabulary, as well as a theme that all students enjoy. This conversation lesson provides a survey that students use to choose a dream vacation for their fellow students and is  sure to encourage lots of conversation. Aim Encouraging conversation about vacations to practice travel-related vocabulary. Activity Student survey followed by a choice of dream vacation based on student input. Level Intermediate to advanced Outline Introduce the topic of vacations by telling about one of your favorite vacations.Ask students to come up with different types of vacation activities and write these on the board.If necessary or helpful, review vocabulary about travel.Give each student a vacation survey and have them pair up to interview each other.Once theyve interviewed each other, have students choose a dream vacation for their partner. This exercise can be repeated numerous times with different partners.As a class, ask each student which vacation they chose for their partner and why.  As a follow-up exercise, students can write a short essay by choosing a dream vacation and explaining the choice. Vacation Survey Which sentence best describes your feelings towards vacations? Why? My idea of a good vacation is staying at home.My idea of a good vacation is to visit a number of important cities and explore the culture.My idea of a good vacation is to travel to an exotic beach in a foreign country and then relax for two weeks.My idea of a good vacation is to put on my backpack and disappear into the hills for a few weeks. Which type of travel do you think you would like the best? Why? A long road trip in the car.A twelve-hour flight to a foreign country.A train ride across the country.A luxury cruise through the Mediterranean.   How often do you take short trips (two or three days)? I take a short trip at least once a month.I take short trips a few times a year.I take a short trip once a year.I never take short trips. If you had the chance, would you ... ... take a week trip to an exciting city.... spend a week at a meditation retreat.... visit family that you havent seen for a long time.... go white water rafting for a week. Who do you prefer to take vacations with? Why?   I prefer taking vacations with my close family.I prefer taking vacations with my extended family.I prefer taking vacations by myself.I prefer taking vacations with a good friend. What type of vacation activity sounds like the most fun? Why? Lying on the beachHanging out at a nightclubVisiting a museumSkiing down a mountain   How important is eating well to you when you are on vacation? Its the most important thing!Its important, but not for every meal.A good meal is nice, but not that important.Just give me food, so I can keep going! What type of accommodations do you prefer on vacation?   Id like a luxury suite, please.  Id prefer something close to the beach.I need a clean room, but it should be economical.Id prefer a tent and my sleeping bag.   Dream Vacations Dream Vacation I: Touring the Capitals of Europe: On this two-week vacation, youll visit the capitals of Europe including Vienna, Paris, Milan, Berlin, and London. This inclusive vacation includes tickets to a concert, play or opera in each capital, as well as tours of  castles, national monuments  as well as the most important museums such as The Louvre.​Dream Vacation II: Hanging on the Beach in Hawaii: Two weeks of sun and fun on the beach on Hawaiis dream island of Maui. Youll have a deluxe room at one of Mauis finest hotels directly on the beach. This vacation includes fine dining at some of Mauis best restaurants. During your stay, you can take scuba diving lessons, go snorkeling with thousands of tropical fish, or go whale watching in the bay. Its a dream come true!Dream Vacation III: Hiking the Peruvian Andes: Do you need to get away from it all? If so, this is the vacation for you. Youll be flown into Lima, Peru and taken into the Andes for a two-week backpacking adventure of a lifetime. Weve arranged experienced local guides to accompany you on your journey into the magnificent and mystical landscape.   Dream Vacation IV: New York Party Time!: The Big Apple! Need I say more?! Youll enjoy two weeks stay in a luxury suite in Central Park. Youll need to relax because youll be out enjoying the New York nightlife until early in the morning. This all expenses paid vacation includes dinner at some of the most exclusive restaurants in New York, and on-call car service at any time. Experience New York at its finest and most exciting.