Physics of Music Essay example -- physics music sound

Fluid Behaviors of Sound Waves Sound is capable of being produced only if a medium is present. By this, I mean that, for there to be sound, there must be air. For a sound wave to be emitted by an instrument and be received by a listener, the instrument must excite the air around it and propagate its energy through the air, in the form of compression/longitudinal waves. When received by the listener, the waves pulse the eardrums with the same varying frequencies as they were emitted. An instrument shakes to produce its tone In instruments, air is excited and set into oscillation by vibrations. Instruments use such mechanisms as strings (violin and guitar), bars or rods (marimba and chimes and reeds), membranes (drum heads), plates or shells (cymbals or gongs), air in tubes (woodwinds and brass), or volumes of air enclosed in vessels (drum and string bodies) to produce vibrations. Sound oscillations are created as the oscillating instrument vibrates a column of air and â€Å"bumps† the air that is within immediate proximity. This bump sends out a compression, also called longitudinal, waves in all directions. The tone of a brass instrument is produced as a player contracts their embouchure and expels a jet of air in order to vibrate their lips, and thereby vibrate the air in the tubing of their horn. The tone of reed instruments (single or double) is produced by holding a reed rigid and forcing air over, or through. When this happens, the reed vibrates, creating an oscillation. The tone of flute instruments is produced when air blown over the mouthpiece hole excites surrounding particles. When the vibrations of these surrounding particles match the natural frequency of the instrument, the column of air inside the ins... ...requency higher and into a higher row of harmonics. How Does Any of this Relate to Music? Okay, so I just spent the last several pages expressing fluid, energy, and math properties of how sound is put through air. But this essay is dedicated to the physics of music! Simply, none of the attributes of sound, as I have described them in the other pages in terms of physics, are not in any way musical. Music and physics really only have one point of connection, that music is made by manipulating the mechanics of air oscillations--how the signals are emitted by the instruments and received by the listeners. Music itself, however, is made by how the listener interprets or experiences those signals. As stated in Levarie and Levy's, Tone, A study in Musical Acoustics, "Music is not 'something that happens in the air.' It is something that happens in the soul."

The Negro Movement

Looking back at the history of the culture that has risen from the ashes; one may be quite surprised just how far the African American culture has come. The progression of the African American culture is indeed one to be proud of. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, sparked a sense of cultural self-determination, with a yearning to strive for economic, political equality, and civic participation. This was a movement that sparked a wide range of advancements in the African American culture. Leaving footprints of great individuals as well as set a path way for future generations to follow; setting a trend for Black greatness. After the American Civil War there was a spark within the African American culture to diminish the legacy of slavery. It started in 1908, with the development of the NAACP (The National Association of Colored People), which led the fight against racial discrimination. What is known as â€Å"The Great migration† in 1914 was the migration of over 500,000 or more Blacks in a six year period; for industry jobs, and overall better opportunities. Blacks were leaving the South headed North in search for something new. This was the escape they longed for from oppressive living and social conditions that threatened life. New York was one of the more appealing states, considering New York schools prohibited separate schools for African Americans. Therefore, education was also made easier for African Americans. By 1819 Harlem, New York had the highest count of Black people in the world. In 1916-17, Hubert Harrison; whom is considered the father of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† established his first association â€Å"The Liberty League†, along with his first newspaper. During the 1920’s and 1930’s, African Americans expressed themselves through Literature, Art, Music, Drama, Movies, and protest. Mr. Harrison encouraged Blacks to expand and improve through education, awareness, and Afro-centric community programs. With â€Å"The Voice† of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† energized the Black community to demand equality. This was in fact the birth of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the 1930’s Depression era. During this time, there were many great literary works to come about. A group of writers produced a great group of Literature. Some of those writers include: Alain Locke, who described himself as the â€Å"midwife† to aspiring young black writers of the 1920s. In a 1925 essay entitled ‘The New Negro', Howard University Professor of Philosophy Alain Locke described this transformation as not relying on older time-worn models but, rather, embracing a ‘new psychology' and ‘new sprit'. Central to Locke's prescription was the mandate that the ‘New Negro' had to ‘smash' all of the racial, social and psychological impediments that had long obstructed black achievement. Six years prior to Locke's essay, the pioneering black film maker Oscar Micheaux called for similar changes. In his film Within our Gates, Micheaux represented a virtual cornucopia of ‘New Negro' types: from the educated and entrepreneurial ‘race' man and woman to the incorrigible Negro hustler, from the liberal white philanthropist to the hard core white racist. Micheaux created a complex, melodramatic narrative around these types in order to develop a morality tale of pride, prejudice, misanthropy and progressivism that would be revisited by Locke and others (Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance (London/California: Hayward Gallery, Institute of International Visual Arts and University of California Press, 1997). Black-owned magazines and newspapers flourished, freeing African Americans from the constricting influences of mainstream white society. Charles S. Johnson's Opportunity magazine became the leading voice of black culture, and W. E. B. DuBois's journal, The Crisis, with Jessie Redmon Fauset as its literary editor, launched the literary careers of such writers as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen(The Birth of the Harlem Renaissance: History & Timeline — Infoplease. com). Additionally, there were other aspects of Black greatness emerging from oppression. â€Å"†¦Through their artistry, the literature of this period helped to facilitate a transformation from the psychology of the â€Å"Old Negro† (characterized by an implied inferiority of the post-Reconstruction era when black artists often did not control the means of production or editorial prerogatives) to the â€Å"New Negro† (characterized as self-assertive, racially conscious, articulate, and, for the most part, in charge of what they produced). Landmark texts that marked this transformation and encouraged increased exploration of African American experience through literature included The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922), edited by James Weldon Johnson and The New Negro (1925) by Locke. The short-lived literary magazine Fire!! (1926) also had a significant impact on the literary production because it represented the efforts of younger African American writers (such as Hughes and Hurston) to claim their own creativity apart from older artists (such as DuBois and James Weldon Johnson), as well as to establish autonomy from potential white exploiters†¦ (Trudier Harris-Lopez, â€Å"Forward† Harlem Renaissance, Volume I. Janet Witalec, project editor. Farmington Hill, MI: Gale, 2003 Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Ed. Patricia Liggins Hill. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998). The Spiritual Coming of Age was solely for African Americans to express thems elves and exert self-determination. To have a sense of race pride. White Literary establishments became fascinated and began to publish their works. African American Literature has impacted American culture in an enormous way. Their writings have inspired many African Americans to continue the legacy in Literature. At this same time, the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey began his promotion of the â€Å"Back to Africa movement. † Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), which advocated the reuniting of all people of African ancestry into one community with one absolute government. The movement not only encouraged African-Americans to come together, but to also feel pride in their heritage and race (http://www. biography. com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance. sp). The Harlem Renaissance was a defining movement within the African American culture. 1929 marked the beginning of the end of the Harlem Renaissance. Due to the economic declines, many prominent writers departed Harlem. Although there was not much time during this period, this era influenced many writers to come. Its great moments in History like this that inspire and influence generations to come. The Harlem riot of 1935 was the final event. The progression of African Americans has come a long way. From slavery to Harlem, and beyond; African Americans have made their mark in History. Shortly after the Renaissance, many came into their own creativity. With the emergences of people like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, Sojourner Truth, the African American culture has gone far beyond what was imagined centuries ago. Many great musicians from jazz era contributed to the mass music frenzy we see today. With great musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, we now have Kenny G, and Boney James. With Poets such as Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston, we have Maya Angelou, and Gwendolyn Brooks. The Harlem Renaissance has contributed too many great works among African Americans. The African American culture has blossomed in many ways. In the beginning of the 1970’s, African American literature went mainstream, and has continued to do well; moreover, books by Black authors continue today to receive best-selling awards. This also marks the era where African American writings were considered as a legitimate genre of American Literature. The Civil Rights movement made a powerful impression on black voices in the 1960s. Baldwin, whose fiction and essays dealt not only with race but sexuality, family, the ex-pat life, and his childhood in the Church, returned from many years in Paris to participate in the burgeoning movement. Many of Baldwin's most significant works were written in the 60s, including Another Country and The Fire Next Time (â€Å"African American Literature: History, Crossword, Quizzes, Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 26 Apr. 2011http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmlit1. html).

Ethics of Euthanasia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1661 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Euthanasia Essay Did you like this example? The topic of Euthanasia has always been a very debated subject. With most people being proponent to euthanasia, there is still a large amount of people and human right groups that are against ending human life by the way of euthanasia. According to Cambridge dictionary, euthanasia is relieving an extremely ill patient who is suffering from incurable disease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethics of Euthanasia" essay for you Create order Euthanasia has been a controversial issue globally as people have differences in their opinions and moral values. In addition, Otlowski (1997) says that there are many countries like Canada, US, Australia, where euthanasia is being practised illegally and doctors faced a lot criticism when exposed. On the one hand, Hitchcock (2016) claims that the longing for death comes from terminally ill people who feel hopelessness. Moreover, some people also believe that act of euthanasia is morally wrong. On the other hand, Healey (2008), commences that thousands of patient die from terminal illness and death remains difficult and painful not just for patients but also for doctors and family. While, some authors believe that euthanasia should be up to the patients only, others argue that it will be misused badly. But, over the last few years the number of patients demanding legal euthanasia has been increased steadily. This report will demonstrate that, the attitude of the people towards euthanasia is controversial. First, the existing literature review and methods for this research will be discussed, after that data collection will be mentioned and finally a discussion with recommendations will be highlighted. Interpretation and findings Information of this survey has been sourced from various students. We conducted a survey on the controversies of euthanasia in the society . Most questions were focused on their opinion and legality about euthanasia. This drew the personal knowledge about the topic. Overall the participants were suggesting that euthanasia should be legal globally but few of them said that it’s not ethical and it will be misused by doctors and patients. Around 51.4% of them agreed that euthanasia should be legal globally. Because euthanasia is illegal in most of the countries. Moreover, 73.5% said it is ethical to relive a patient from their pain if their diseases are incurable. In addition, 65.7% of people think that people should have right to choose when they want to die legally. However, 73.5% believe that euthanasia will be misused once it will be legalized globally. Respondents were also asked whether they want to have an option of ending their life if diagnosed with terminal illness and most of them agreed to have this option. The survey questions showe d difference in the opinion of people about euthanasia. The survey showed that more than half of respondents were in favour of euthanasia and they want it legal globally. On the other hand, only 26.5% says that it is not ethical and it should not be practised. Moreover, approximately 34.3% believe that people should not have right to choose to die legally. Although, significant number of respondents indicated favourable view about euthanasia but few of them strongly disagree with usage of euthanasia. Methods A survey was designed to focus on different opinions of the students, hence both qualitative and quantitative methodology was used. Euthanasia has been an exceptionally questionable subject because of contrast in assessments. A study was intended to know the perspectives and assessments of students in Australia. Three headings were planned including personal opinions, lawfulness of killing all around, whether euthanasia is moral. There were 35 participants that took part in the survey. Most of the participants were students from 19 to 30 age group. The respondents gave their as opinion by answering the questions asked. Confidentially was ensured a nd respondents were not required to reveal their identity. It is believed that survey research was the most suitable way as it provided a lot of information about people’s opinions regarding euthanasia. This survey research helped to know that it is a very critical issue in society. However, as survey only had 15 questions, it provided limited information. The participants provided their views and individual opinions, but to know exact situation and data to be more beneficial, it should have more wider community providing wider knowledge and opinions. Hence, information gathered is limited. Abstract Euthanasia is a highly controversial and crucial issue globally. The purpose of the research is to report on the controversial attitude of people towards euthanasia, and should euthanasia be legalised? Euthanasia is considered as immoral activity by many people from many years so it has become a very controversial topic. It was determined that existing literature is limited as it is highly growing issue across the world. The aim of this survey was to identify people’s opinions about euthanasia whether it is right for humanity and mankind or not. Discussion and conclusion The report suggests that attitude of people towards euthanasia is controversial. There wer e arguments both for and against euthanasia. For instance, when asked about legality of euthanasia 51.4% respondents were in favour and 48.6% were opposing the act. However, findings of this survey suggests that euthanasia should be a personal issue not a social issue. Moreover, most of the respondents believe that right to die legally should be allowed when patient is bearing severe pain and suffering from terminal illness. Data shows that few of the respondents were against euthanasia and they also consider it unethical. Although, some students believe that euthanasia should not be practised, but majority of them consider that it will widely help patients to get relieved from extreme pain they are bearing. This report aimed to examine whether attitude of people towards euthanasia is controversial. Overall, hypothesis was proved as most of the respondents had different opinions and views which proves that euthanasia is a very controversial issue in the society. In this study, we examined that euthanasia has received a lot of criticism and most of people are in favour of euthanasia and demand for its legality. Recommendations As the data indicat ed that most of the respondents were in favour of euthanasia, they want euthanasia legal globally. Views and opinions presented that right to die with dignity should be allowed. Government should legalise euthanasia and allow patients to die peacefully and without regrets if they are suffering from incurable diseases and they are willing to end their life. It is also recommended that right to die should not be a choice of a human rights group or any government group but the choice of the person who is suffering and the family. Lastly, government should also take effective steps to avoid misuse of euthanasia so that patients who genuinely need it can use it. Literature review An extensive body of literature exists on legal implications of euthanasia globally. The main concerns raised in the existing scholarship are as follows: Should euthanasia be legal or whether this is an ethical practice. Another significant concern here is that patients feel burden on their families. Likewise, there are some scholars who believe that euthanasia will be misused by doctors and patients. However, there are few researchers who state that right to die with dignity is a person al issue. Moreover, some argue that terminally ill patients can donate their organs which will be helpful for other patients with more chances of survival. For instance, according to Battin (2005), legalised euthanasia will effect doctor’s value in patient’s life and will create trust issues among patients. Furthermore, it was found that in Netherlands, sixty percent of patients were scared of visiting doctors as they felt their lives would end against their will. In addition, Syme (2008), asserts that there is no illness which cannot be cured, it is just matter of time. No matter how worst the illness is, there is a treatment of it. For example, years ago we didn’t had pain relievers and antibiotics. But due to continuous research and help of people from medicine field made antibiotics and painkillers one hand away. Although, euthanasia has received criticism for its legal implementation only certain counties like Brazil, Canada and Switzerland have legalised it (Wikipedia, 2018). Additionally, Somerville (2017) claims that suicide rates rise in jurisdictions where euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal. Furthermore, Gushee (2004) believes that taking someone’s life from whom society has no threat even if it is done with good motives is considered a murder. Therefore, killing someone is wrong ethically. On the other hand, Denton (2016) asserts that right to die with dignity is a personal issue. Assisted suicide will relief patient from their sufferings. Government should allow and permit patients to die with their choice. Similarly, patients suffering from terminal illness know they will die soon and suffer from unbearable pain, so they should have opportunity and right to choose death. In addition, Glover believes that there is no general statement for word moral, as this word have different values for everyone. Some people consider moral as some sort of rules laid down by God, whereas, some says that it has more social values as it helps in reducing conflicts in society. So, he commences that moral values differ according to situation and circumstances. While the existing scholarship mainly focuses on legal implications of euthanasia and its misuse by doctors and patients, not much has been written about attitude of people towards euthanasia. My research will draw on the existing scholarship and fill the gaps in it, by examining the controversies on euthanasia, as well as attitudes of people towards euthanasia. Reference list: Battin, M. (2005). Ending life. New York city: Oxford dictionary press. Cambridge dictionary (2018). Euthanasia. [online] Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/euthanasia Syme, R. (2008). A Good death. Victoria: Melbourne University Press. Wikipedia, (2018). Legality of euthanasia.[online]. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia Glover, J.(1997). Causing death and saving lives. London: Penguin Books. Hitchcock, K. (2016). The Right to Die or Right to Kill? The Monthly. Gushee, D.P. (2004). Killing with Kindness. Christianity Today. Healey, J. (2008). Voluntary Euthanasia. Thirroul: The Spinney Press. Otlowski, M.(1997). Voluntary euthanasia and common law. New York: Clarendon Press. Somerville, M. (2017). Do suicide increases where euthanasia is legal? Mercatornet.